Isn’t masking tape the one that looks kinda like sticky yellow/beige paper? I think you’re right about tape being used, but it’s one of the clear ones.
I also counted at least three of the plastic ones that get nailed to the wall. One near your first picture, (can’t see it while I write this comment (really need to get a better client than Voyager) so I forget if it’s visible in the pic or if you need to check the big pic), on the cable from the PS4 to the TV, just after the bend to a diagonal, it’s one of the ones you clip the cable into after mounting. And two on the xbox psu cable, they are both the type that you nail over the wire and a curved bit of plastic holds the wire against the wall.
But those were the only ones I could see, plus even those ones don’t explain how it keeps the hard angles instead of the cable settling into a rounded shape. Guessing they intended to use the plastic ones but quickly realized it wouldn’t hold the shape they wanted without needing to put a ton of holes in the wall and switched to tape after that to solve both problems.
Edit: looking at it again, I don’t think the first one I mentioned is one of those clips anymore, so just the two on the xbox psu cable (should be obvious once you see them).






Or just do what I did where I have one of those wall mounted plastic channels with some of the cables hidden in it but two other cables just go to the TV without being hidden because the channel got full and I decided that I was done managing my cables for now.
The lady that owned this place before me had one of those in wall cable runs on a wall I didn’t want to put my TV on. Not even sure how you get the cable out the other side, so I’ve left it there with the broken HDMI cable she left there, in case I want to run a different cable (so I can just attach it to the current one and pull it through). I probably should just patch the wall up though lol.