no, Im old but not “remembering file system releases from 1977” old

Not sure aboit homebrew, honestly. thougj i was under the impression it was for every executable

All of them. The device has to phone home to apple to ask permission to run them.

to test close app (really shut, make sure dot on icon isnt glowing) then open and measure time

close app and then disconnect from the internet and launch again

the speed difference depends on how overloaded apples servers are.

App launch time can be annoyingly slow on mac if you’re not offline or blocking the server it phones home to

it can be the difference between one bounce or seven bounces of the icon on my end